Stephen Steinberg, The Tenacity of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism in Contemporary America (1969), which attributes right-wing movements to a "syndrome of unenlightenment" that includes anti-Semitism, xenophobia, authoritarianism, etc.; and perhaps also Robert Jay Lifton, The Broken Connection (1979). Lifton advances his theory of victimization (according to which injustice against outcast groups originates in a psychological "need to divest others of symbolic immortality in order to reaffirm one's own") as a "unifying principle for the various psychological factors stressed in the vast literature on prejudice," including TheAuthoritarian Personality.

Among the writings that contributed to the identification of populism with right-wing movements, the most important were those by Hofstadter, already cited in chapter 5; by Edward Shils (The Torment of Secrecy, 1956; see also "Populism and the Rule of Law," University of Chicago Law School Conference on Jurisprudence and Politics, 1954); and by Samuel A. Stouffer, Communism, Confirmity, and Civil Liberties (1955). The egregious essay by Victor Ferkiss, "Populist Influences on American Fascism," was published in Western Political Quarterly 10 (1957): 350-73. Michael Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy (1967), discusses many other works in this vein. Lenin's disparaging remarks about the petty bourgeoisie, from "Left‐ Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920), are quoted in Arno J. Mayer, "The Lower Middle Class as a Historical Problem," Journal of Modern History 47 (1975): 409-36.

The well-known analysis of "working-class authoritarianism" by Seymour Martin Lipset, originally presented to a conference sponsored by the Congress for Cultural Freedom in 1955, was published in the American Sociological Review 24 (1959): 482-501, and in its final version in Political Man: The Sociological Bases of Politics (1960). A representative sample of the writing on this subject includes Morris Janowitz and Dwaine Marvick, "Authoritarianism and Political Behavior," Public Opinion Quarterly 17 (1953): 185-201; Saul M. Siegel, "Relationship of Hostility to Authoritarianism," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 52 (1956): 368-72; William J. MacKinnon and Richard Centers, "Authoritarianism and Social Stratification," American Journal of Sociology 61 (1956): 610-20; Albert K. Cohen and Harold M. Hodges, "Characteristics of the Lower-Blue-Collar Class," Social Problems 10 (1963): 303-34; James J. Martin and Frank R. Westie, "The Tolerant Personality," American Sociological Review 24 (1959): 521-28; Arthur B. Shostak, Blue‐ Collar Life (1969); Patricia Cayo Sexton and Brenda Sexton, Blue Collars and Hard Hats: The Working Class and the Future of American Politics (1971); Sar Levitan, ed., Blue-Collar Workers: A Symposium on Middle America (1971); and William Kornblum, Blue Collar Community (1974). On suburbanization and working-class embourgeoisement, see Bennett Berger, Working-Class Suburb (1960); William M. Dobriner, Class in Suburbia (1963); Harold Wilensky, "Class, Class Consciousness and American Workers," in William Haber, ed., Labor in a Changing America (1966); John H. Goldthorpe et al., The Affluent Worker (1968) and The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure (1969); and James W. Rinehart, "Affluence and the Embourgeoisement of

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